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</div></div><div class="hxbdttlfx1" id="w_grid-1575966602798" class="w_grid-000"><div id="hxbdttlfx1" class="w_grid signal"> <div id="hxbdttlfx1" class="e_box e_box-000 p_gridbox"> <div class="hxbdttlfx1" id="content_box-1575966602798-0" class="e_box e_box-000 d_gridCell_0 p_gridCell"><div class="hxbdttlfx1" id="w_common_text-1575966602808" class="reset_style"><div><p><span style="font-size:24px"><span style="font-family:微軟雅黑"> 新聞中心 <span style="color:#A9A9A9"><span style="font-size:18px"><span style="font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif">NEWS CENTER</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div></div></div> </div> </div></div><div class="hxbdttlfx1" id="c_portalResNews_detail-15759666228127814" class="c_portalResNews_detail-01001001">  <div id="hxbdttlfx1" class="newsBox p_NewsDetail" data-infoid="18">  <h1 class="newsTitle">制藥工業(yè)過(guò)程中有機(jī)廢氣的治理技術(shù) </h1>  <div id="hxbdttlfx1" class="newsTime">2021-07-05 15:04 </div>  <div id="hxbdttlfx1" class="newsarticles" data-ename="資訊詳細(xì)描述"><p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 在制藥工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中，特別是合成原料藥生產(chǎn)過(guò)程，與一般的化工生產(chǎn)過(guò)程一樣，都會(huì)產(chǎn)生有機(jī)廢氣（VOCs）。然而，由于藥物生產(chǎn)的特殊性，制藥工業(yè)產(chǎn)生的有機(jī)廢氣一般是排放量相對(duì)較大，濃度相對(duì)較低，卻往往具有較強(qiáng)的毒性以及致敏性等，因此不能采用與一般工業(yè)廢氣相同的治理技術(shù)。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm; text-align: center;"><img id="246" src="/repository/image/76aa574f-b463-434c-8520-ae913d23cd9c.png" style="width: 849px; height: 441px;" /></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類能夠憑借嗅覺(jué)分辨出的有機(jī)廢氣大約4000種，其中包含了制藥工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的有機(jī)廢氣超過(guò)百種。它們一般都能刺激人類的感官，讓人產(chǎn)生惡心的癥狀；需要引起特別注意的是，它們之中的多數(shù)都具有較強(qiáng)的毒性；另外的部分有機(jī)廢氣往往都是易燃和易爆，相對(duì)不穩(wěn)定。如果廢氣中含有氯代烴，還會(huì)對(duì)臭氧層具有較強(qiáng)破壞性。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">1 </span><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">制藥有機(jī)廢氣的來(lái)源與特點(diǎn)</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 分析制藥工業(yè)的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程后，確定制藥生產(chǎn)工藝的主要生產(chǎn)單元和使用物料的物化性質(zhì)，制藥有機(jī)廢氣的來(lái)源主要產(chǎn)生于以下生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)：①不凝氣，產(chǎn)生于有機(jī)溶劑的回收蒸餾和精餾環(huán)節(jié)；②生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中進(jìn)行化學(xué)反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的揮發(fā)性廢氣；③使用的物料在進(jìn)行干燥時(shí)產(chǎn)生了廢氣；④離心環(huán)節(jié)也會(huì)產(chǎn)生廢氣；⑤在物料輸送環(huán)節(jié)，使用抽真空系統(tǒng)也能夠產(chǎn)生有機(jī)廢氣；⑥倉(cāng)儲(chǔ)存放或物料轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)過(guò)程中會(huì)產(chǎn)生呼吸尾氣；⑦在污水處理環(huán)節(jié)產(chǎn)生的有機(jī)廢氣。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 由于制藥工藝使用的物料的物化特點(diǎn)和生產(chǎn)過(guò)程進(jìn)行了復(fù)雜的物化反應(yīng)，制藥有機(jī)廢氣往往具有易燃易爆、有毒易揮發(fā)等特點(diǎn)，所涉及到的化合物包括乙酸乙酯、乙醇、苯類化合物等大分子，也有烯烴、烷烴化合物等小分子。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 制藥有機(jī)廢氣處理技術(shù)的選擇需要綜合考量廢氣的特點(diǎn)和來(lái)源，產(chǎn)生過(guò)程的溫度和壓力，組成成分，廢氣的濃度和排量等因素，科學(xué)合理選擇適當(dāng)?shù)挠袡C(jī)廢氣處理技術(shù)。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">2 </span><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">制藥有機(jī)廢氣的治理技術(shù)</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 有效治理制藥有機(jī)廢氣是強(qiáng)制性要求，治理技術(shù)也是多種多樣，比較常用的處理技術(shù)有兩類，一類是物理處理法，包括冷凝回收法、吸收法、吸附法等；另一類是化學(xué)反應(yīng)處理法，包括再生熱氧化法、催化燃燒法等。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">2.1 </span><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">冷凝回收法</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 不同物質(zhì)的物理性質(zhì)不同，飽和蒸氣壓便是其中一種，在不同的溫度、不同的氣壓下，制藥有機(jī)廢氣的飽和蒸氣壓是不同的。冷凝回收法便是利用這一物理特定，通過(guò)適當(dāng)調(diào)整生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)的溫度和氣壓，將制藥有機(jī)廢氣中汽態(tài)的污染物過(guò)濾出來(lái)。對(duì)于沸點(diǎn)較高的溶劑，冷凝回收法較其他方法而言，獲得的回收效率是比較高的。冷凝回收法主要適用于處理具有比較高回收價(jià)值的溶劑、具有比較高濃度的制藥有機(jī)廢物等。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">2.2 </span><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">吸附法</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 吸附法先通過(guò)吸附、再通過(guò)吸附劑再生這兩個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)有機(jī)廢氣處理。吸附劑是指具有較大的表面積的多孔固體物質(zhì)。制藥有機(jī)廢氣首先經(jīng)過(guò)接觸吸附劑，氣體中的部分有害物質(zhì)能夠吸附到吸附劑表面上而滯留下來(lái)，達(dá)到分離部分有害物質(zhì)、凈化氣體的作用。吸附劑經(jīng)處理后可以重復(fù)使用，吸收某類有害物質(zhì)的容量是有限的，將吸附劑進(jìn)行再生處理后，可以再次被用來(lái)吸收有害物質(zhì)。吸附劑再生過(guò)程不但可再次使用的吸附劑，還能夠回收附著在吸附劑表面的有機(jī)化合物。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 吸附法主要適用于處理濃度比較低的有機(jī)污染物、處理環(huán)保要求比較嚴(yán)格且排放到大氣環(huán)境中的有機(jī)廢氣。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">2.3 </span><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">吸收法</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 吸收法是吸收凈化法的簡(jiǎn)稱，運(yùn)用的是相似相溶原理構(gòu)建的有機(jī)廢氣治理技術(shù)。首先根據(jù)制藥有機(jī)廢氣的組成成分，選定合適的液體吸收液；然后將制藥有機(jī)廢氣通過(guò)液體吸收液，有機(jī)廢氣里面的各種污染物在確定液體吸收液的溶解度不同，可以將有害污染物從有機(jī)廢氣中分開(kāi)，最后回收到相對(duì)凈化很多有機(jī)廢氣解析氣。初步處理后，液體吸收液中的有害污染物的平衡分壓一般都是低于有機(jī)廢氣解析氣中有機(jī)物的平衡分壓的。如果有機(jī)廢氣解析氣達(dá)不到排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，則可以在后續(xù)處理中增加活性炭或者活性炭纖維吸附裝置再次進(jìn)行吸附處理，確保排放物符合排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 常見(jiàn)的液體吸收液有表面活性制劑、水、液體石油混合物質(zhì)，或者多種液體吸收液的混合物。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">2.4 </span><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">再生熱氧化分解法</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 制藥有機(jī)氣體中有很多有機(jī)化合物，可以通過(guò)加熱氧化降解的方式進(jìn)行處理。通過(guò)使用蓄熱式焚燒器加熱有機(jī)氣體，讓有機(jī)廢棄物溫度提升到750?C以上，并保持這個(gè)溫度；在此高溫環(huán)境下，通過(guò)氧化生成水和二氧化碳，達(dá)到凈化有機(jī)廢氣的目的；蓄熱回收有機(jī)污染物氧化產(chǎn)生熱量，并將熱量存儲(chǔ)在陶瓷蓄熱體中可以進(jìn)行循環(huán)利用，比如可以加熱待氧化的有機(jī)廢氣。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 整個(gè)處理過(guò)程中，焚燒溫度需要一直控制在750?C～850?C，此時(shí)焚燒效率可以控制在95%以上。由于對(duì)整個(gè)處理系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生的熱能進(jìn)行了循環(huán)利用，可以稱得上是節(jié)能型環(huán)保裝置，此裝置又被稱為再生熱氧化分解器（RTO）。再生熱氧化分解法整套處理模式可以最大限度上使熱能進(jìn)行循環(huán)利用，盡量避免熱能流失，具備高達(dá)95%以上的熱回收率。RTO主要適用于處理那些風(fēng)量較大、濃度不太高、有機(jī)廢氣組成成分較為復(fù)雜且多變，或者含有能夠讓催化劑中毒或使催化劑活性衰退，進(jìn)而影響催化劑性能的制藥有機(jī)廢氣。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">2.5 </span><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">催化燃燒法</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 催化燃燒法主要是使用催化劑來(lái)處理制藥有機(jī)廢氣的處理技術(shù)。制藥有機(jī)廢氣中含有復(fù)雜且種類繁多的碳?xì)浠衔?，多?shù)化合物能夠在催化劑的作用下，在反應(yīng)溫度達(dá)到時(shí)能夠被氧化成二氧化碳和水。這種處理技術(shù)對(duì)導(dǎo)入催化燃燒裝置的有機(jī)廢氣有一定的限制。一是由于有機(jī)混合物的爆炸下限值為25%，因此有機(jī)廢氣中有機(jī)物濃度應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)陀?5%。如果有機(jī)廢氣中含有的有機(jī)物濃度高于25%，可以補(bǔ)充空氣或特制氣體進(jìn)行稀釋，使其濃度在25%以下。二是有機(jī)廢氣混合物的爆炸下限應(yīng)當(dāng)?shù)陀?5%時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)保持相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的氣體濃度、均勻的流速和適宜的溫度，較大波動(dòng)時(shí)容易發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)。三是制藥有機(jī)廢氣含有的顆粒物濃度要不高于10mg/m 3 ，濃度太高影響處理效果。四是制藥有機(jī)廢氣中不能含有使催化劑中毒或者活性衰退的物質(zhì)，否則可能使處理方法失靈。五是為確保處理過(guò)程安全進(jìn)行，制藥有機(jī)廢氣的溫度不能高于400℃。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 催化劑能夠充分發(fā)揮催化作用，是該方法奏效的關(guān)鍵。一是反應(yīng)溫度控制。一般來(lái)說(shuō)，此方法選用的催化劑應(yīng)該能夠在短時(shí)間內(nèi)扛得住900?C高溫沖擊，而正常情況下，工作溫度應(yīng)當(dāng)控制在700?C以下，以便催化劑發(fā)揮出最佳催化活性。二是催化劑、蓄熱體以及催化燃燒裝置的使用壽命。在標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工作環(huán)境下，催化劑在良好催化活性下能夠工作8500h；在蓄熱式工藝中，催化燃燒裝置內(nèi)的蓄熱體工作時(shí)長(zhǎng)可以大于24000h。三是熱能循環(huán)。催化燃燒裝置中，因燃燒產(chǎn)生的大量高溫?zé)煔饪梢赃M(jìn)行熱能儲(chǔ)蓄回收，進(jìn)行循環(huán)利用。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 催化燃燒法主要適用于治理較高濃度、組成成分復(fù)雜、催化可燃性較強(qiáng)的有機(jī)廢氣。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">3 </span><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">結(jié)語(yǔ)</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin:0cm; text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif"> 制藥工業(yè)產(chǎn)生的有機(jī)廢氣不但有毒，危害人類的生命健康，而且容易造成環(huán)境污染，嚴(yán)重影響人類生存。在進(jìn)行制藥有機(jī)廢氣處理時(shí)，可以在采用綜合循環(huán)利用與無(wú)公害處理相結(jié)合原則下，遵照清潔生產(chǎn)工藝要求進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)制造，同時(shí)結(jié)合末端治理技術(shù)，重點(diǎn)進(jìn)行源頭污染控制、過(guò)程污染控制以及注重生產(chǎn)首尾清潔，盡量實(shí)現(xiàn)污染廢氣零排放。要科學(xué)合理地選擇制藥有機(jī)廢氣治理技術(shù)，綜合統(tǒng)籌考慮生產(chǎn)制造全流程產(chǎn)生有機(jī)污染物的主要成分、濃度、廢氣溫度、排放流速和排放量、微顆粒散發(fā)程度等諸多方面，還應(yīng)依據(jù)有機(jī)廢氣中有機(jī)污染物的物化性質(zhì)、回收可能性等因素，考慮進(jìn)行資源回收和熱能循環(huán)利用，盡量采用實(shí)用性較強(qiáng)的凈化技術(shù)以及回收方法。當(dāng)使用某一種方法，有機(jī)廢氣治理效果不明顯時(shí)，可以考慮將若干種相通的治理技術(shù)組合進(jìn)行廢氣治理。</span></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0cm; text-align: right;"><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="font-family:等線"><span style="font-family:"微軟雅黑",sans-serif">轉(zhuǎn)自《環(huán)境邦》</span></span></span></p> </div>  <div id="hxbdttlfx1" class="e_box d_pcDom p_PrevAndNext " data-ename="上一篇、下一篇信息區(qū)" style="display:none;"> <div id="hxbdttlfx1" class="e_box p_previewBox"> 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